“Plant more trees” is often the first idea that comes to mind when we think about preventing further climate change or at least adapting to its impacts. There are good reasons for this. Multiple studies have shown that as well as trees being a fantastic way to store carbon dioxide, they offer other benefits, such as a cooling effect in cities, the ability to reduce flood risk, and boost biodiversity, among other things.
A new study in Nature Geoscience shows that trees could also affect rainfall patterns.
The authors used measurements of rainfall across Europe to investigate what effect forests have on rainfall totals. They know that forests primarily increase local and downwind rainfall in the summer and winter, but the magnitude of this effect varies across regions and seasons.
To identify a realistic reforestation strategy, scientists used the global reforestation potential map. In the area, they looked at in their research (most of Europe), 14.4% of the land surface was considered suitable for reforestation, an area larger than France.
Based on current predictions, the authors then compared the effect of turning all that land into the forest to the precipitation changes in a future scenario in which the world faces intermediate levels of climate change. While the climate scenario projects wetter winters and drier summers, the inclusion of reforestation could enhance European summertime rainfall by an average of 7.6%, potentially offsetting some of the dryings that climate change is projected to cause. However, we also found reforestation may exacerbate the increase in winter rainfall.
In the UK and Ireland, for example, where around 37% of the land area has the potential for reforestation, experts estimate that reforestation on this scale would increase precipitation by an average of 0.74 mm/day (24%) in winter and 0.48 mm/day (19%) during summer.
Much of Europe could be reforested (green = areas with realistic reforestation potential). Credit: Global Reforestation Potential Map, Griscom et al. (2017), CC BY-SA
Several factors potentially contribute to this. Forests typically have a higher surface “roughness” than agricultural land. This creates more turbulence over the trees and slows the movement of heavy clouds, causing them to rain over and downwind of the forests. The same is true of urban areas, too – increased surface roughness from buildings can amplify the precipitation over cities and downwind cities. And forests typically evaporate more water than agricultural land, particularly during the summer season, which likely means more rain.
These findings demonstrate the relevance of land management in the assessment of climate change pathways. Many countries are considering how changes to land cover could contribute to their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts.
For instance, the recently published climate change risk assessment from the UK government’s Climate Change Committee advisory body highlights that the gap has widened between the level of risk we face and the level of adaptation underway. Intervention measures are therefore urgently needed but require careful consideration. The new report points out that we must avoid poor planning being “locked-in.”
Reforestation, in particular, needs careful planning, as trees need decades to grow and interact in such a complex way with multiple aspects of the environment. For example, while we may see increased rainfall from forestation, we may also notice decreased runoff and water availability since trees typically evaporate more water than crops or grass.
The species of tree we plant also needs to be carefully considered—will it cope with higher temperatures? Will the type of tree be resilient to the invasive species and pathogens projected to increase with climate change? If not, then we have wasted our time and money.Policymakers, therefore, need to thoroughly and carefully assess any kind of nature-based solution before embarking on a scheme that may provide no long-term benefit, authors conclude. It is all about making sure that we are putting the proper intervention in the right place, at the right time.
